WHAT ALL HAPPENED JANUARY TO SEPTEMBER 1818
Find out what all happened January to September 1818

The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States with 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (then 20). (4. April 1818)

Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim. (7. September 1818)

In the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada, Spanish forces defeated Chileans under José de San Martín. (16. March 1818)

Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. (12. February 1818)

Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte ascends to the thrones of Sweden and Norway. (5. February 1818)

The case of Ashford v Thornton ends, with Abraham Thornton allowed to go free rather than face a retrial for murder, after his demand for trial by battle is upheld. (20. April 1818)

The United States Senate ratifies the Rush-Bagot Treaty, establishing the border with Canada. (16. April 1818)

The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded. (2. January 1818)

In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement – led by Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín – win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2,000 Spaniards and 1,000 Chilean patriots dead. (5. April 1818)